The topic of nature in 17th Century poetry Essay Example

The subject of nature in seventeenth Century verse Paper The subject of nature is available in some of the sonnets of the seventeenth century scholars John Milton and Andrew Marvell. In fact, in Marvells The Garden and The Mower Against Gardens, nature is apparently the focal topic, and in Miltons Paradise Lost, the regular world is alluded to all through. Nonetheless, when one thinks about that it is basic to consider the verifiable setting strategically, strictly and the ideological leanings of the authors of the seventeenth century when taking a gander at works from that period, the subject of nature is available in these attempts to fill in as in excess of a tribute to nature itself; nature is utilized additionally to suggest different philosophical and political goals present at that point. When pondering the topic of nature in seventeenth century verse, Andrew Marvells The Garden is apparently the primary work to come into view, as the sonnet is basically a definite portrayal of a nursery, and the different regular ponders inside. In any case, a closer perusing of the sonnet uncovers the different political, old style and strict messages covered up inside Marvells Garden. Without a doubt, the subject of nurseries and planting was an argumentative one in seventeenth century England; changing Gods scene by cultivating was seen by Puritans to be counter strict. We will compose a custom exposition test on The subject of nature in seventeenth Century verse explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The subject of nature in seventeenth Century verse explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The subject of nature in seventeenth Century verse explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Notwithstanding, as cultivating created in the seventeenth century, so did the verse encompassing it, and in spite of the fact that Marvell himself here and there reprimanded the act of transforming gainful land into gardens, he composed The Garden, a hortus sonnet, as a tribute to gardens. In view of this, the sonnet has just given us a point to consider: what kind of nursery was Marvell adulating, and what does this nursery speak to? The primary refrain alone contains enough symbolism to clarify that this nursery is speaking to various political and strict thoughts. The vanity of man, the longing to accomplish the unachievable, is alluded to in the absolute first line: How vainly men themselves astound. Military, metro, and beautiful aspiration are spoken to by the palm, the oak, or coves, and there are clear associations here to the English unrest. There is simply the possibility that individuals put through much drudge to win little acknowledgment, when unquestionably more could be picked up with no work by any stretch of the imagination: And their relentless Labors see Crownd from some single Herb or Tree, Whose short and limited skirted conceal Does wisely their Toyles chide; While all Flowrs and all Trees do near weave the Garlands of rest. As Lawrence W. Hyman composed, it is Marvells attention to the pointlessness of human enthusiasm and desire that causes him to spurn society for the isolation, blamelessness and magnificence of nature1 . The subsequent verse fortifies this thought: Fair tranquil, have I found thee here,/And guiltlessness, thy sister dear? , and the prevalence of the nursery looked at over the general public Marvell lives in is clarified when he expresses that he has been not able to discover the blamelessness and quiet he looks for In occupied organizations of men. Here we have the idea of an arrival to Eden from a postlapsarian, vain world; the way that the plants are frightened adds to this. The faculties are evoked, just like the idea of satisfaction and the richness of nature, by the isolation of the nursery being portrayed as delightful. Marvell at that point thinks about the magnificence of the nursery to that of a lady, No white nor red was ever observed/so passionate as this stunning green, red and white being shades of womanliness. Proposals of sexism maybe originate from this third verse, where Marvell likewise expresses that no female can contrast with the nursery, and there is the insinuation that Marvell would for sure preferably grasp a tree over a lady, Fair trees! Whereeer your bark I wound. The way that Marvell never wedded (the lady professing to be his widow was evidently his housekeeper)2, alongside the symbolism present in this verse offer us an understanding into his perspective on ladies. The idea of a practically sentimental love of nature proceeds into the forward verse. Marvell suggests that affection is bound to blur When we have run our interests warmth, and brings up, with a traditional reference, that even the divine beings eventually esteem the excellence of nature over that of ladies. The tale of Apollo and Daphne, from Ovids Metamorphoses, in which the god Apollo sought after Daphne until she changed herself into a shrub tree, is utilized, and there is additionally a reference to Pan and Syrinx, a comparable old style story. Marvell proposes here that the divine beings were just at any point intrigued by the plants, not the women3. The fifth refrain contains maybe the most regular symbolism in the whole sonnet, and comes back to the idea of richness and nurturing nature, of another Eden. The nursery is taking care of Marvell in the line Ripe apples drop about my head, and the verdant portrayals of the nurseries other vegetation again bring out the faculties. There is likewise the thought of recklessness and facilitate; the nectarines and peaches are venturing themselves into Marvells hand, he just unearths melons, and the main thing to fall upon in grass. We are then acquainted with the idea of hortus mentis, or nursery of the brain, when Marvell composes, Meanwhile the psyche, from joy less,/Withdraws into its bliss; the psyche has left the nursery, and pulled back into itself, such is the serenity and straightforwardness offered by the nursery. Here Marvell is following the neo-Platonic way of thinking present at that point. Proceeding from this, Marvell composes that the nursery has liberated the spirit from the bounds of the body, Casting the bodys vest aside,/My spirit into the branches skims. Again this proposes an arrival to Eden, lost mortality, and the spirit is likewise given a practically other-worldly quality, Then whets and brushes its silver wings. The finish of the sonnet portrays a genuine come back to Eden, and again contains a trace of sexism. At the point when Marvell states, Such was that upbeat nursery state,/While man there strolled without a mate, he is portraying the past, the Garden of Eden, instead of the nursery he has so far been talking about. He is additionally recommending that man was in an ideal situation without a mate; without ladies. The last line of the sonnet again adulates the tranquility of the nursery, and states that that harmony could be discovered no place else on the planet wherein he lived. In the two Marvells The Garden and The Mower Against Gardens, the essential terms in resistance are the equivalent: the universes of nature and men. Be that as it may, while in The Garden, the nursery is a position of relaxation, comfort and peacefulness, The Mower Against Gardens presents the nursery as a position of unending work and battle. The connection between the two sonnets is more unpredictable than the negligible clash proposed by their titles: in spite of the fact that the conditions of the contention are consistent between them, the worth given to them moves; the status of work, relaxation, and nature is diverse in each. Apparently, another distinction is the tone of the two sonnets. While one appears to be ardent in its contention, the other is practically self taunting. The absolute first line of The Mower Against Gardens presents the contradicted terms of the sonnets contention, Luxurious man, to get his bad habit use,/Did after him the world allure. Here Marvell is expressing that it isn't keeps an eye on training of his indecencies that debases, it is fairly his assurance to contort the world to follow his bad habit, to modify nature to reflect himself. This gives both a knowledge into Marvells sees on planting, of which, as expressed prior, he was frequently basic, and a further understanding into what sort of nursery is being spoken to in The Garden; it's anything but a man made space with mown grass and pruned fences, it is a characteristic, uncultivated spot. Additionally, this contention is illustrative of a progressively basic good issue; the genuine threat of shamelessness lies not in its training by an individual, however in its transmission to other people. This transmission comes to fruition through cautious depravity of nature, this entry contends, and its belongings are as the degenerate man wants, The pink developed at that point as twofold in his brain; nature is mirroring the corrupted man. While in the principal development of the sonnet there is a feeling of wandering from nature, of purposely debasing the earth, in line 22 an alternate sort of debasement is presented. The utilization of taboo recommends not just an ethical slip by; it infers law, solid standards whose breaking merits discipline from a more significant position authority than man, anyway sovereign man has become, or thinks he has become. Surely, the utilization of sovereign here appears to be practically unexpected. This entry of the sonnet proposes that not just has nature been changed by man, its very substance has likewise been undermined, No plant currently knew the stock from which it came;/He unites upon the wild the agreeable. To exacerbate the situation, this offense, this loss of starting point, is paltry, and not expected to be of any advantage to man, however to rather cause contest. This suggests not even delight oversees keeps an eye on conduct, however curiosity. There is likewise the possibility that keeps an eye on contortion has become a strict offense with the passageway on his green seraglio. All in all, plainly in Andrew Marvells The Garden and The Mower Against Gardens, nature is utilized for unquestionably in excess of a portrayal of nature itself. The clashing perspectives of the two sonnets are introduced using nature, which is utilized to imply different strict, social and, political thoughts, and it is just when the two sonnets are perused with regards to the time in which they were composed that we can perceive these thoughts.

The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Speckled Band Essay Our assignment includes doing an exposition on the similitudes and contrasts of three investigator fiction stories: The Speckled Band, A Scandal In Bohemia and The Dancing Men all composed by the wonderful Arthur Conan Doyle. The class of these specific stories is totally founded on Crime/analyst. Each of the three stories have a similar sort of structure despite the fact that the substance are unique. Despite the fact that the substance are extraordinary, the manner in which they are composed is comparative since they are analyst stories we ought to anticipate similitudes between them. Regardless of the various characters the wrongdoing and activity in every one of the three is comparable. In every one of the three stories there is a similar focal character Sherlock Holmes-the criminologist and his extraordinary companion Dr John Watson-the main storyteller. Helen Stoner approaches Sherlock Holmes about the homicide of her sister the prior night she was couple to get hitched. Holmes researches the reason for death. A Scandal In Bohemia The ruler of Bohemia comes to see Holmes about a significant photograph, which he needs to get hold of before it ruins his life. The Dancing Men Hilton Cubitt approaches Holmes with an issue; him and his significant other are being sent puerile drawings of moving men. Holmes explores further. The work in every one of the three stories has numerous likenesses and contrasts. There are numerous likenesses I told in the work of these accounts, one of which was the dates e. g. in The Speckled Band - Early April in the year 83 Scandal In Bohemia-one night-twentieth March, 1888. Despite the fact that the dates are given in two of the accounts, I have understood that in The Dancing Men no particular dates are given. This underlining a distinction in the work. In every one of the three stories Dr John Watson is the main (individual) storyteller and Holmes is constantly presented by him. For instance in The Speckled Band-In looking over my notes over the seventy odd cases in which I have during the most recent eight years considered the strategies for my dear companion Sherlock Holmes. The Dancing Men-Holmes had been situated for certain hours peacefully with his long, meager back bended over a synthetic vessel in which he was preparing an especially smelly item. A Scandal In Bohemia To Sherlock Holmes she is consistently the lady.

Top tips for applying for your post-grad

Top tips for applying for your post-grad Top tips for applying for your post-grad Whether you’re looking to specialise, diversify or monetise your skill-set, a post-grad qualification could be the perfect investment in your future. In 2016-7, there was a 22 percent rise in post-grad admissions across the country. The competition for post-grad places is fierce, and it’s only set to rise. To convince the admissions tutor you’re worthy of selection, you’ll need to prepare a strong application. Follow these tips to ensure your application stands out from the crowd. Know your dates Many universities accept post-grad applications on a ‘rolling’ basis, but don’t leave it until the last minute to apply. A lot of admissions tutors will close the gates in early April for high-profile master’s programmes. A few universities close applications as early as January, with scholarship applications closing even earlier. Currently, 10 UK universities accept applications through the centralised ‘UCAS Postgraduate’ system. UCAS recommends applying at least 6 months before your post-grad course is due to start. Make a list of all the post-grad courses you’re interested in and find out their application deadlines. Preparing 4 or 5 high-quality applications is a time-consuming process, so plan your time wisely! Harness the power of networking Networking is a skill that will enhance your academic career. Universities host admissions events throughout the year so there are plenty of opportunities to get your voice heard. If you are an overseas student, look out for online, interactive events. To show up in person is to demonstrate integrity. It also helps admissions tutors put a name to a face. Later, when they appraise your formal application, they’ll have more to ‘go on’ if they’ve met you personally. Nevertheless, networking is a two-way process; it’s a chance for universities to demonstrate what they can offer you. Visit each of your chosen institutions and talk openly with the staff and alumni. This will help you narrow down your choices and ensure there are no regrets. Show motivation in your personal statement (but be authentic) Many applicants worry about what to write in their personal statement. A good place to start is to show motivation and passion for your subject. Although you should adopt a formal tone, avoid coming across ‘mechanical’ or cliché in your writing. Let’s say you want to study politics at post-grad. “I first became interested in politics after talking to my grandmother about her involvement in the 1968 workers’ strikes” is more compelling than a well-rehearsed quotation from Aristotle. Demonstrate you’ve done your homework In your personal statement, you need to specify why you’re applying for this particular course at this particular university. If you are applying for 5 different post-grad programmes, you’ll need 5 different personal statements! Find out how your chosen course differentiates itself from similar courses at other institutions (this is where ‘networking’ comes in handy). Perhaps your course offers a unique style of teaching, perhaps it offers professional certification or perhaps the lecturers’ research interests gel with your own. Whatever you like about your chosen course, be sure to mention this in your personal statement. Avoid stating that you’re drawn to the ‘prestige’ of the university as this doesn’t demonstrate many research or evaluation skills. Ace the entry tests Check if your chosen institutions require specific scores on the GMAT, GRE or IELTS. If so, there are some great free online resources to help prepare for these tests. It’s a good idea to attempt entry tests early, in case you need some time to re-sit them. Brush-up your CV Many universities require you to submit a CV. Don’t worry if you haven’t had much work experience; a CV rich in qualifications, voluntary work, summer placements, and extracurricular activities can be just as impressive. Mentioning your research interests (even if they’re still quite vague) will help your CV to stand out. Submit your undergrad transcript Don’t forget to provide a transcript with your application â€" admissions tutors are unlikely to consider your application without one. The transcript is separate from the degree certificate; it should list the names of all your modules and the grades you achieved. If you are still studying, ask your faculty to provide you with an ‘interim transcript.’ Get your references in order The quality of your references can make or break your application â€" especially if some of your grades are on the weaker side. To present yourself as a well-rounded applicant, choose two referees that know you in different capacities. For example, your dissertation supervisor and work placement manager would, between them, be able to comment on a range of skills and capabilities. Secure funding If you’re eligible for a government-backed ‘Postgraduate Master’s Loan’ you could borrow up to £10,609 (correct as of June 2018). You should submit your application via Student Finance. It’s worth having a look at alternative sources of funding, too. Funding from alternative sources usually has much tighter deadlines, so you’ll need to apply early. Submitting a post-grad application can be stressful, but difficult tasks often reap positive rewards. Selecting the post-grad course that is right for you is half of the battle. Then, if you give yourself enough time to prepare high-quality supporting documents, you won’t go far wrong. We know how much your dissertation matters We take your needs seriously and you can trust us for help, every step of the way. From a single chapter to an entire masters dissertation, our team of academic experts are here to support you. Find out more You may also like... Surviving Your PhD â€" Year One: Innovation Surviving Your PhD Year Two: Consolidation Surviving Your PhD â€" Year Three: Professionalisation educationmastersmasters dissertationspostgradpostgraduatestudent lifestudent tipsuniversity

Whay Did The Civil War Begin - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 722 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The best way to think about the Civil War in general terms is as the Second Act of Americas Democratic revolution. The first act was freeing itself from the control of the British empire in the 1770s and the second act was removing the massive contradiction between the rhetoric of American freedom and the reality that 20 percent of Americas population were forcibly enslaved. There were multiple causes to the civil war. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Whay Did The Civil War Begin?" essay for you Create order Cause #1 was different Economic Paths in North and South. By the beginning of the 1800s, the United States is technically one country, but its really two distinct economic systems. In the North, you have the growth and evolution of a powerful industrial and financial economies (similar to the Federalist partys economic and political path) like factories and manufacturing, small independent farmers who provide food and raw materials for manufacturing, banks, merchants, etc. This is an economy that is ADVANCING, investing in and constantly coming up with new technologies, figuring out how to offer up new products with ever greater efficiency Northern industrialists want the ability to hire and fire workers depending on the needs of their business (running factories efficiently requires adjusting the size of your workforce week to week, month to month, etc.). In the South, you have plantation agriculture BIG farms powered by the labor of enslaved African-Americans (by the 1800s the most important crop in the US is cotton) This is similar to the Anti-Federalist desires for the nation with the major contradiction being the size and scope of plantation farming. Southern planters cling to this system because they can work slaves harder, longer, and under worse conditions, and at much lower cost than legally free, white workers. Rather than ADVANCING like the North, this is an economy that is simply EXPANDING, investing in more and more slaves working more and more land in the form of traditional agriculture. By the 1820s these two competing economic models are resulting in divisions in Congress, with most Northern Industrialists, workers, and farmers opposed to the expansion of slavery and Southern plantation owners in support of slaverys expansion Cause #2 is Abolitionism, Slave Revolts, and the Southern Backlash. While the majority of Northerners oppose the expansion of slavery on the grounds of personal economic self-interest and a general belief in free labor by the 1830s a vocal minority starts to aggressively attack slavery on moral grounds. Another related development that caused Southerners to continue aggressive expansion rhetoric was a series of slave revolts (and revolt plans) in the first half of the 1800s. At the end of the 1700s, many Southern slave-owners, including Thomas Jefferson, believed that slavery would eventually die out on its own, and that this was a good thing. Admitted discomfort with the contradiction between a democracy and slaveholding (recognized it was inhumane). Cause #3 dealt with the Politics of Westward Expansion. Causes #1 and #2 played out against the backdrop of westward expansion of Americans into new territories and the creation of new states, which generated the question: WHICH ECONOMIC SYSTEM WILL DOMINATE THESE NEW TERRITORIES AND STATES? FREE LABOR OR SLAVERY? The first serious political crisis that erupts over this issue happens in 1820 over that status of Missouri, which is still a territory but in the process of becoming a state (territories governed more by federal government). The second major crisis over the westward expansion issue begins in the mid-1830s and concerns the annexation of Texas and war with Mexico. When Lincoln is elected Southern Democrats feel entirely under siege (immediate threat to slaveholding republic), and secessionist fervor escalates like South Carolina officially secedes in 1860, lower South (e.g. Mississippi) soon follows, and after the attack by Southern forces on Fort Sumter (SC) in 1861, the Upper South (e.g. Virginia) follows (much less committed to the fire-eating position, especially among lower-class whites). Issues the Emancipation Proclamation first on September 22, 1862 because it DOES NOT free all slaves only says that slaves in any states still out of the Union at the beginning of 1863 will be freed. South remains intransigent, and Thirteenth amendment passed in January 1865 by Republican Congress. War ends in April 1865, due mostly to African-American soldiers and growing disillusionment among non-slaveholding draftees in the south. Over 600K deaths! (More than Revolution, WWI, WWII, Korea, and Vietnam combined). 13th Amendment passed by Congress early 1865 and ratified shortly after Lincolns assassination.

Taking a Look at Human Trafficking - 842 Words

No nation is immune from human trafficking. Even the most powerful nations are not immune from modern day slavery.The main contributors to human trafficking are governmental corruption, economic and social crisis within each nations borders.Globalization is the development of an increasingly integration marked especially by free trade that transcends nation-state boundaries. Human trafficking represents a highly and interconnected world because as the world evolves and people become more connected, the transfer of people both voluntarily and coerced is becoming more prevalent. Human trafficking is a very lucrative business that extends beyond nation-state boundaries Human trafficking represents a highly and interconnected world because it is tightly connected to the worlds economy, and ironically is caused by the gap of the wealthy and poor even though it has been present for centuries the government is just beginning to address this common problem.. Globalization seems to have pl ayed a major role in the rise of sex slavery and the sex trade but has also played major roles in efforts to stop it. Human trafficking is the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual \slavery, and forced labor. Forms of human trafficking dates back to at least to the 1400’s. In the 1400s through the 1600s the first signs of human trafficking were seen. The African slave trade is an example of a form of human trafficking. During the slave trade Africans were captured and soldShow MoreRelatedEssay about Taking a Brief Look at Human Trafficking1733 Words   |  7 PagesTrafficking in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into human trafficking. It is said that 12.3 million people are trafficked worldwide. On average, only 1 person is convicted for every 800 trafficking cases worldwide (All material  © 2014). 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InRead MoreThe Truth About Human Trafficking1520 Words   |  7 PagesAbout Human Trafficking Human Trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain (Human Trafficking). The term human trafficking evolved from slavery in the early 1900’s and continued to become a global market over the past 100 years. There are several different types of human trafficking such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, people smuggling, and the harvesting of organs for commercial profit (Types of Human Trafficking.). VictimsRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The United States1740 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES: WHY SOME STATES HAVE MORE HUMAN TRAFFICKING CALLS THAN OTHERS INTRODUCTION Human trafficking is a growing endemic affecting an estimated 35.8 million men, women, and children around the world annually, as reported by the Global Slavery Index (GSI). The United States is not immune to this problem and has successfully identified 21,434 cases of human trafficking through the National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline since 2007. As with crimes of thisRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1328 Words   |  6 Pagestaken from their homes and put into human trafficking. Every individual is supposed to be given the opportunity to a long and happy life but, with human trafficking standing in the way, millions of people are subjected to illnesses, diseases, and unhappiness. Human trafficking has taken over the lives of many, especially in Bangladesh. A country that is subjected to filth, poverty, and sex trafficking. Bangladesh is one of the top countries for human trafficking. The people of Bangladesh are in need

Online English Grammar Lessons Free Essays

The mentioned skills must be reactive by every applicant in order for them to enhance their skills not only in Job seeking but also in their work field. Minor Statements These are specific problems of company’s current system: Hassle in typing the applicant’s data on the database due to lack of people (Maximum of 2 senior recruitment specialists per recruitment office) Lack of information about the nature of the Job Hassle in answering the application form manually before they will have their initial interview at the same day. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Online English Grammar Lessons or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 Objectives This study intends to develop an Online English Grammar Lessons for aspiring call center applicants. 1. 4. 1 . General Objective The main objective of the study is to design an interactive e-learning system, in order to provide accessible teaching method that can be easily integrate by the end user into the training program. The ultimate goal is to design comprehensive teaching tools specifically designed to the development of the end user’s communication skills particularly in grammar through the contents of Online English Grammar Lessons. Specific Objective The proposed system specifically aims to: 1 . Helps to use the English language effectively in grammar. 2. To enable assimilate the correct patterns of the language. 3. Knowledge of the underlying ‘rules’ of grammar 4. To develop insight into the structure of English language. 5. To enable the assimilate the correct patterns of the language. 6. To develop the mental abilities of reasoning and correct observation. 1. 4. 3. Scope and Delimitation SCOPE This study mainly focused on the development of one’s communication skills using inline teaching approach of English grammar lessons. The study will include online registration for those who are aspiring applicants of the said company. This study looked into a better impact of using technology today, it can help our beneficiaries to know the differences of using manual system to a computerized generation today. Communication skills development consists of wide range of topics. The researcher limited this research to the development of pronunciation and diction of the applicants. How to cite Online English Grammar Lessons, Papers

Flexible Pavement Design And Comparision - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Flexible Pavement Design And Comparision. Answer: Executive Summary Pavement designs are able to happen in many forms considering the pavement uses. Comparing the different is essential to ensure that the different design parameters are met according to pavement use. This project will be able to offer comparison factors of the flexible pavement design with other alternative pavements (Jackson, Puccinelli Mahoney, 2014). This will be done through the use of Indian Roads Congress 37-2012, which is able to specify the design procedures for the flexible roads based on the CBR values. The main finding should be able to indicate different CBR values. The use of the roads determines the requirement of the different design parameters where CBR is the main design parameter for the flexible pavements. Introduction Pavements are classified in different categories according to the materials used. Major two pavement classifications are Asphalt (flexible) pavement and concrete (rigid) pavement. The flexible pavements have different layers, which vary in width during the design period. Additionally, other pavement designs also has different layers but not as in the flexible pavements. There are clear differences, which are attained and experienced when the design of these pavements is happening. The major layers include subgrade, sub-base, base and binder and/or surface (Kazda Caves, 2015). Determining the different CBR values of the different layers is able to offer the main difference in the design of the pavements. The flexible pavements do deflect upon loading and therefore the name. Each layer of the pavements is able to carry certain load, which they pass to the other below. Moreover, the rigid pavement has little deflect upon loading due to the high modulus of elasticity (Liu, 2016). Weight distribution and CBR values are key design factors, which offer major differences on the pavements. This proposal will be able to define the procedure of analyzing different pavements options ion terms of their design and compare with the flexible pavements design. The IRC 37-2012 will offer the basis of the CBR for the subgrade and the effectiveness of this key experiment. Additionally, the design of the pavement will be based on th IIT PAVE. State-of-the-art/Literature Review The designs of pavements have been critical to different economies. Different design parameters have to be treated differently to enhance their main aim. The use of the pavements set up the design procedure for the pavements (National research council (U.S.), et al., 2016). The combinations of the traffic factors and materials properties have been critical in defining the differences of the pavement designs. Treatments of the pavement materials, together with the layer widths are critical parameters, which are attained in the designs. In India, there are different classifications of pavements, which are done by the categories of the pavements and the authorities who manage them (National research council (U.S.), 2014b). Some of the key classification includes national Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major District Roads (MDR), Other District Roads (ODR) and Village Roads (VR). The pavements have different widths of the layers. Some of these classifications are able to consist of the flexible pavements while others may exist as rigid or semi rigid pavements. Moreover, there are different combinations of designs of traffic and material properties in the design of the pavements in order to meet the specific requirements of the pavements. Each combination is able to lead to different design thickness of the layers (Kazmee Tutumluer, 2015). Some of the combinations, which are able to lead to differences in different types of pavements include; Both Granular Base and Granular sub-base Combination of Cementitious Base and Cementitious Sub-base of aggregate interlayer for crack relief. Cementitious base and sub-base which has SAMI at the interface of base and the bituminous layer. Foamed bitumen/bitumen emulsion treated RAP Cementitious base and granular sub-base with crack relief layer of aggregate layer above the cementitious base. During the design of the pavements, the design allows the transfer of the stresses with the top layer carrying the most stress and subgrade the least. The amount of the stress is able to depend on the design of the pavements, whether flexible or rigid (National research council (U.S.), 2015). The determinant factors are the wheel loads which dictate the thickness of the layer. In the design procedure for the flexible pavements, the process is aimed at providing the appropriate layer thickness and composition (Chinese-European pavement design, 2016). The main design factors, which are able to indicate the diff erences in pavement design, are the stresses due to the traffic load and temperature variations. The key layer, which is much focused on any pavement design, is the subgrade layer. The strength of the pavement is able to depend on this layer and the CBR is usually carried on the layer. The CBR factors are able to offer the key difference on the design of the pavement (National r esearch council (U.S.), et al., 2014). The layer is done with relation to the design life which the pavement is expected to last. Generally, the rigid pavements are meant to last for more than thirty years while the flexible pavements are designed to last for between ten and twenty years (National research council (U.S.), 2014a). This design life is able to offer the design factors and thickness of the layer considering the different traffic loadings on the sections. In addition, the materials states are key in the design of the pavements. Since the different pavements are able to have different materials, their state are able to determine the design procedure and therefore able to bring out a difference. Some of the key pavement designs, requires special treatment of the materials used in order to meet the specific needs of the pavement type (Hu, Zhou Scullion, 2014). In addition, the design parameters are able to dictate the arrangement of the different materials. For instance, granular base and subbase are used for some key flexible pavements (Hamdi, 2015). Using different materials on these layers are able to bring out another key design parameter. In addition, the change of materials on the subgrade layer is able to lead to change in the CBR values for the pavements. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals The main research question, which will be addressed on this proposal, is the key differences which are able to exist in the design of the pavements. More specifically, the research proposal will address what are the key differences in the CBR values for the different layers of flexible pavement design against other pavement designs? In addition, the proposal will look at the differences in design strength, which the different pavements are able to bear for them to last for the specified design life. Objectives The objectives of this proposal will be able to compare different design processes for the pavement design. This will helps to make conclusion on which design process is better to achieve the best results. In order to attain this objective, the researcher will perform several experiments on different pavement designs to identify the differences clearly. The experiments will help to identify the CBR values and the required thickness of the specific layers of both the pavements under consideration. Methodology Several methodologies will be applied on the research proposal in order to achieve the set objectives. Data and material collection will be done in advance. Then the process of design and laboratory test will proceed. Lastly, the project will involve on comparative analysis of the different results of the pavement designs. An analysis of the RAP bitumen emulsion mix will be carried out through compaction to achieve maximum density which will only be at optimum fluid content. Moreover, the compaction tests will be carried out at different fluid content in order to arrive at the optimum fluid content. The major basis for this process will be on Manual 14 The design and Use of Granular Emulsion Mixes which will be defining the mix design. In addition, the users will be able to adopt other methods of mix design given in Cold Mix Recycling and Asphalt cold Mix Manual (MS-14). The bitumen will be used in order to achieve the required minimum strength. Water will be critical in the process and 1.5 to 2.5 per cent water will be added to the RAP mixes. This will be to cater for the rapid evaporation of water from the RAP mixes considering the hot weather. This will be to aid the attaining of maximum compaction and strength gain. Additionally after laying of RAP mix, the top layer of the pavement will be able to stand the construction traffic due to loss of water on hot sunny days. Soil testing will be done to determine the different layers which can be designed. Experimental Setting Experimental set up will be done on the laboratory to achieve the results needed. One of the key experiment, which will be carried out on this project, will be the CBR test. The CBR experimental process will be key in the determination of the layer thickness. In addition, the CBR experiment setting will help to evaluate the strength of a subgrade soil, sub base and base course material. This process will be key in the design of thickness for highways and airfield pavement. Another key experimental set up which will be done will be the moisture content measurement in the laboratory. Optimum moisture content is defined as the water content at which the soil attains the highest density when compacted by a specific amount of energy. Therefore, it is very important to know the OMC, and in this project, the main aim will be to arrive at a standard level, which may serve as a guide and a basis of comparison for field compaction. Through the project, the standard proctor test of compaction w as carried out on the soil in the lab. IIT PAVE software will be used in the design process for the different pavements. The comparison will be then made based on the different results which will be achieved from the software. Project risks Coordination of the information with the different parties will be a key risk which the project will experience. Some parties may be unwilling for offer assistance in terms of the information needed. Results, Outcome and Relevance The data from the CBR and the moisture content will be key in the design of the pavements. The data will help to form the bases of the argument and determine the differences in the design of the different pavements. The thickness of the different layers will be investigates in accordance to the design process. This will help to conclude on the outcome that the design process is key in the different pavement types. Project Planning and Gantt Chart Activity/ month Oct. Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April Proposal writing Defending the proposal Data collection Collection of materials Preparation of materials for testing Performing the tests Writing final report and presentation Conclusions Flexible pavement design is able to differ with other forms of pavement design from different perspectives. The layers composition and their thickness are some of the key parameters which are different on these pavement designs. The CBR values are able to dictate the design parameters for the pavements and will be used on the project to determine the differences on this kind of designs. The Indian Roads Congress 37-2012, which is able to specify the design procedures for the flexible roads, based on the CBR values. During the design of the pavements, the design allows the transfer of the stresses with the top layer carrying the most stress and subgrade the least. The amount of the stress is able to depend on the design of the pavements, whether flexible or rigid. References CHINESE-EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON FUNCTIONAL PAVEMENT DESIGN, ERKENS, S., LIU, X., ANUPAM, K., TAN, Y. (2016). Functional pavement design. https://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315643274. HAMDI, A. (2015). Local calibration of AASHTOWare using Ontario pavement management system data PMS2. Thesis (Ph.D)--University of Waterloo, 2015. HU, S., ZHOU, F., SCULLION, T. (2014). Development of Texas mechanistic-empirical flexible pavement design system (TxME). JACKSON, N. C., PUCCINELLI, J., MAHONEY, J. P. (2014). Using existing pavement in place and achieving long life. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/shrp2/SHRP2_S2-R23-RR-1.pdf. KAZDA, A., CAVES, R. E. (2015). Airport design and operation. https://proxy.uqtr.ca/login.cgi?action=loginu=uqtrdb=ebscoezurl=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkAN=1046472. KAZMEE, H., TUTUMLUER, E. (2015). Evaluation of aggregate subgrade materials used as pavement subgrade/granular subbase. LIU, X. (2016). Functional Pavement Design IV. CRC Press. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.), NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE (U.S.). (2016). Pavement management. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.). (2014a). Pavement management, 2014. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.). (2014b). Pavement management, 2014. Volume 3. Volume 3. https://trb.metapress.com/content/gh8p5n4354u3/?p=367e08411ddd452fb22dda0a5b45f27dpi=5/. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.). (2015). Pavement management. Volume 2. Volume 2. National Research Council (U.S.)., National Research Council (U.S.)., National Research Council (U.S.)., National Research Council (U.S.)., National Research Council (U.S.). (2014). Pavement management 2014: Volume 2.

Research Proposal on CFD Essay Example

Research Proposal on CFD Essay Computational fluid dynamics is an important branch of fluid dynamics which includes the physical, mathematical and numerical methods which are aimed at the calculation of the characteristics of the fluid processes. The importance of CFD can not be overestimated, because its results are used in numerous spheres of human life, especially engineering. With the help of CFD the experts calculate and research the dynamics of various objects in the liquid and gas environment. For example, plane and ship modelling depend on the results of the research in the field of CFD and the technical characteristics of planes, submarines and other vehicles which function in the liquid and gas environment are projected with the help of CFD. CFD involves powerful supercomputers in the process of research and they study the interaction of the various bodies in the different situations, including the flight tests in the supersonic speed. There are several steps in the process of CFD. First of all, there is the introductory step which is characterised with the creation of the geometry of the model and formation of the regular physical conditions. The next step is calculation. The computer calculates the data according to the algorithm and the physical parameters (speech, pressure, temperature, density, etc) and records the results of the calculation into its memory. The final step is the analysis of the information. The results of the analysis are reflected in the form of graphs, tables, schemes, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on CFD specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on CFD specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on CFD specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer CFD is an interesting and worthy topic for the analysis and the students who are interested in the problem should focus on CFD research proposal writing, which will provide them with the chance to write a research paper on this topic. One should collect enough facts about the value and functions of CFD and construct a logical and convincing paper which would impress the academic advisor. The research proposal is supposed to explain the student’s choice of the topic, its relevance, methodology, evaluation of the facts and evidence and finally present the expected results of the investigation, as it is very important to prove that the research will be useful for the development of the discipline. The single difficulty which is associated with research proposal writing is the lack of students’ knowledge about the persuasive manner of writing. In fact, with the help of a free example research proposal on CFD students receive basic piece of advice which would show them the proper way of paper writing. A free sample research proposal on CFD will be useful enough to present to students the models of writing, the examples of convincing writing, proper structuring and formatting. On the basis of such examples it is easy to plan your own paper and impress the professor. NOTE!!! All free sample research proposals and examples on CFD are 100% plagiarized, we are here to help you! EssayLib.com is a leading research proposal writing service, which can offer you the solution you have been looking for. With thousands of written research papers and proposals for Master’s and PhD degrees, we can give you exactly what you need at very affordable prices. Our experienced writers will prove you that high quality and exclusivity is a trademark of our products. We can guarantee your confidentiality and promise you strict on time delivery. There are many reasons for EssayLib.com to become your favorite research proposal writing service, but all we are asking you – just give us a try!

Solons Reforms and the Rise of Democracy in Athens

Solons Reforms and the Rise of Democracy in Athens First coming to prominence (c. 600 B.C.) for his patriotic exhortations when Athens was fighting a war against Megara for possession of Salamis, Solon was elected  eponymous archon  in 594/3 B.C. and perhaps, again, about 20 years later. Solon faced the daunting task of improving the condition of: debt-ridden farmerslaborers forced into bondage over debt, andthe middle classes who were excluded from government, while not alienating the increasingly wealthy landowners and aristocracy. Because of his reforming compromises and other legislation, posterity refers to him as Solon the lawgiver.   Such power I gave the people as might do, Abridged not what they had, now lavished new. Those that were great in wealth and high in place, My counsel likewise kept from all disgrace. Before them both I held my shield of might, And let not either touch the others right.- Plutarchs Life of Solon The Great Divide Between Rich and Poor in Athens In the 8th century B.C., rich farmers began exporting their goods: olive oil and wine. Such cash crops required an expensive initial investment. The poorer farmer was more limited in choice of crop, but he still could have continued to eke out a living, if only he had either rotated his crops or let his fields lie fallow. Slavery When land was mortgaged, hektemoroi (stone markers) were placed on the land to show the amount of debt. During the 7th century, these markers proliferated. The poorer wheat farmers lost their land. Laborers were free men who paid out 1/6th of all they produced. In the years of poor harvests, this wasnt enough to survive. To feed themselves and their families, laborers put up their bodies as collateral to borrow from their employers. Exorbitant interest plus living on less than 5/6ths of what was produced made it impossible to repay loans. Free men were being sold into slavery. At the point at which a tyrant or revolt seemed likely, the Athenians appointed Solon to mediate. Relief in the Form of Solon Solon, a lyric poet, and the first Athenian literary figure whose name we know, came from an aristocratic family which traced its ancestry back 10 generations to Hercules, according to Plutarch. Aristocratic beginnings did not prevent him from fearing that someone of his class would try to become tyrant. In his reform measures, he pleased neither the revolutionaries who wanted the land redistributed nor the landowners who wanted to keep all their property intact. Instead, he instituted the seisachtheia by which he canceled all pledges where a mans freedom had been given as guarantee, freed all debtors from bondage, made it illegal to enslave debtors, and put a limit on the amount of land an individual could own. Plutarch records Solons own words about his actions: The mortgage-stones that covered her, by me Removed, the land that was a slave is free;that some who had been seized for their debts he had brought back from other countries, where so far their lot to roam, They had forgot the language of their home;and some he had set at liberty, Who here in shameful servitude were held. More on the Laws of Solon Solons laws do not appear to have been systematic, but provided regulations in the areas of politics, religion, public and private life (including marriage, burial, and the use of springs and wells), civil and criminal life, commerce (including a prohibition on export of all Attic produce except olive oil, although Solon encouraged the export of artisans work), agriculture, sumptuary regulation and discipline. Sickinger estimates there were between 16 and 21 axones that may have contained 36,000 characters total (minimum). These legal records may have been placed in the Boulouterion, Stoa Basileios, and the Acropolis. Although these places would have made them accessible to the public, how many people were literate is not known.   Sources: J.B. Bury. A History of GreecePlutarchs Life of SolonRichard Hookers (wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM)  Ancient Greece: AthensJohn Porters SolonUniversity of Keeles Classics Departments  Athenian Democracy  (www.keele.ac.uk/depts/cl/iahcla~7.htm - accessed 01/02/2000)History of Greece Vol II, by George Grote (1872).

Assess the impact of re-introducing rent control on the market for Coursework

Assess the impact of re-introducing rent control on the market for housing - Coursework Example There are cases when the owners build the houses in order to offer these in rents to the individuals so as to meet the increasing demand for housing (Besanko and Braeutigam, 2013). The owners fix the rent for the houses in order to earn some profit but there is a concept of rent control that imposes a ceiling on the rent in cases when the owners charge an exceptionally high rent (Besanko and Braeutigam, 2013). Hence, the paper aims at carrying out a study on the market structure of the housing market and the impacts of the policies adopted for rent control. The paper also offers a scope to understand the microeconomic theory related to the rent control. The structure of the housing market is based on the model that considers various aspects such as the availability of cheap credit that in turn increases the demand for houses in the international market (Glaeser and Luttmer, 2003). As a result, there is a relative price of the houses due to low availability of the houses. However, there was a high availability of low quality houses which forced the investors to raise the prices of the houses in order to earn high profit. These features are essential for the Life-Cycle model of Housing where the prices of houses match with the quality of the houses available in the international market (Krugman and Wells, 2012). On the contrary, the characteristics of the buyers willing to purchase the houses differ based on the age, wealth and income they earn. In order to bring in equilibrium within the market, the prices of the houses are equalized with the quality of the available houses and also it is based on the demand and supply aspects in th e housing market. Thus, the study suggests that the distribution of the houses depends on the numbers of buyers as well as the quality of houses available in the market. Further, the suitability of the available houses to the buyers is also an essential factor that increases the number of buyers willing to

Health Administarion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Health Administarion - Essay Example Medical errors can be grouped in to diagnostic errors that include poor medical tests, treatment errors that include inappropriate care, medications and process errors that include poor communication, wrong patient identification, documentation and equipment failures. Medical error is associated with poor training, urgent care, new procedures and complex care. Complicated medical technologies, poor communication and fragmented systems can also lead to medical error. Some human factors that lead to medical errors include burnout, depression, and fatigue and time pressures (Kalra, 2011). The initial step in responding to medical error is to address the current medical needs of the patient. The physician should immediately address the adverse unanticipated medical outcome by assessing extends of harm and the required medical procedures to reduce the harm (Kalra, 2011). The second step entails communication of the adverse outcome with the patient or any representatives of the patient like the close relatives. These entail providing information on the causes of the medical error and extend of harm to the patient (Kalra, 2011). The third step is reporting to the appropriate parties and authorities in the health facility and regulatory agencies. Each health facility should have guidelines on internal reporting of the medical error and steps in reducing further adverse medical outcomes (Kalra, 2011). The fourth step is checking the medical records of the patient. Such medical documentation should be accurate and complete. This includes the patient medical condition prior to the medical error, the interventions undertaken to reduce the harm and patient response. The physician should also note the information communicated to the patient after the medical error (Kalra, 2011). The fifth step entails follow ups and monitoring the changes in

Functions and Elements of Self Organising Networks

Functions and Elements of Self Organising Networks CHAPTER 1 In this chapter I will be discussing about the main functions of SON, its components, elements and how does it atomizes the whole LTE network infrastructure. I have organised this chapter in the following way and will explain each of the component respectively. OAM Automatic Configuration Features Neighbour Relation Automatic Neighbour Relation management Connectivity Management Self Test Automatic Inventory So, lets get started with the detain explanation, description and working of the OAM system first. 1OAM (Operation, Administration and Management) 1.1Introduction OAM stands for Operation, Administration and Management systems. As we have discussed in the earlier chapters that most of the network operations today is controlled and managed by a central entity which is known as the OAM system. Mainly in a centralized system architecture all the Self-Configuration, Self-Optimization and Self-Healing operations are controlled through the OAM system. In the next paragraph a brief description of what functions does the Operation, Administration and Management system take care of is explained. Operations system deals in both the administration and management systems. It is basically a centralized control structure which keeps coordination between both the other systems. Administration system as it stands control all the administrative tasks like networks design, assignment of addresses, keeping network up to date and other administrative functions. And lastly the Maintenance system maintains and keeps the network running through keeping check of all the elements, executing appropriate diagnostic functions, monitoring network and resetting the components or whole network if required. All these components work parallel to keep the network in operational state. 1.2Architecture For any network to operate optimally it is very necessary to keep check on all the elements. The operator of network should have a system through which he can make sure that there is no fault and network is running normally. In the figure 1.1 below a high level OAM architecture architecture is represented. OAM Architecture Fig1.1 As it is clear through fig 1.1 that OAM has further devided management layers and provided dedicated servers to each management layer to deal with its functions. All the management servers serves their corresponding nodes layer by layer to perform the management tasks. Network protocols has been defined at each interface onto the Network Element or end user for execution of effortless management functions. Though the architecture diagram we can conclude two main logical functions that devides the OAM according to their functions and roles. These functions are given below, Network Management function Element Management function Mainly in the network managements systems, OAM is addressed as the entity which controls, maintains and configures the network. The term OAM is used in the 3GPP documentation for the network management functions. As five main sub-functions of Network Management Systems are derived from the main functions of OAM and hence NMS is also reffered as the OAM systems in many contexts. OAM when demand lot of provisonal functions then it is known as the OAMP, P stands for provision in this situation. The functional elements of Network Management System is given in the figure 1.2 below. Fig 1.2 In the next part I will be discussing two very important management functions related to the OAM architecture and those are as follows, 1.3Element Management System (EMS) As we know network element is an entity composed of the physical hardware. Processes and executions are performed on those physical devices to provide service the users. Therefore, a management technique to manage these elements of the network is known as the Element Management System. The management system a very broad topic but I will keep focus on the main components which integrates with the SON technique for the optimization of cellular networks. As we can see in the fig 1.1 the Network management system collects all the data from EMS and EMS gathers all useful measurements for the NE respectively. The difference is NMS mainly execute the aggregated measurements from NEs to accomplish required functions but EMS works on individual NE at a time. Below is the high-level architecture of the EMS and the components it interacts with. Fig 1.2 Furthermore, I would give a brief description of the components shown in the fig 1.2 above. The EMS connects to the NMS server to provide all the collected and aggregated information or measurement from the network elements. NMS makes decisions based on these collected data from EMS. The client is used to show or present the data to user with a user friendly graphic user interface. The operator can login through the client to configure and maintain network when needed. The database function is to store all the usable measurements and information. These measurements are used when a fault occurs in the Network Element. Evaluating and comparing the network performances with these measurements give a complete sight of what might be causing the errors in the network. And the last component which is the Network Element is same we have discussed earlier, a physical device used to execute all the processes and functions. A question that arises here is that the network elements can be managed and configured through accessing the devices itself so why do we need a central Element Management System? Therefore, the need of this management function is explained as follows. 1.3.1Requirement of EMS Network are getting very complex as new functionalities and services are added very frequently. And with that, new vendors and service providers are introducing themselves in market. As the network size is enhancing the operations at the network element end is also increasing. This operation management demands high cost and effort. Therefore, to minimize the cost, effort and a centralized solution to manage the networks were provided by the 3GPP. An appropriate and user-friendly interface is very vital to perform and manage managerial tasks with ease. Some main issues which the operators of telecom companies were facing are described in the next paragraph. Firstly, Due to the development of fresh network elements and services there was a need to provision diverse elements from different vendors. For example, even in a single network GSM, UMTS and LTE can work side by side therefore a management system was required which can gather all the data from all the network elements. Secondly, the complexity issues were raising as of now many multiple functionalities are merging into one single functionality which makes the network complex. And lastly but the most important is the cost. The cost associated in dealing with each element individually was very high, therefore to manage complete network and its services remotely and through a central entity which has all the data and measurements from all the network elements can reduce huge costs. Progressing through EMS now I will explain the functions and services EMS provides to the network and how it interacts with its upper layer that is the Network Management System. 1.3.2Functions of EMS Element Management System basically manages the base stations that is eNodeBs in the LTE network architecture in accordance with SON. The main functions which EMS features while managing the network elements are given below. 1.3.2.1Provisioning and Installation of NE When a base station that is eNodeB is connected to a power station but not yet configured and basic setup is not initiated, eNodeBs at this point needs to connect to the network to perform basic functions. So, the Self-Configuration function of SON is initiated to make a connection, eNodeB for connectivity requires an IP-address and OAM support to start functionating. For obtaining basic configuration and parameter settings the eNodeB connects to the OAM system. Now the EMS element in the OAM must provision, support and provide these basic configuration settings to the eNodeB. The EMS checks is they can provide the service base station is asking for. The inventory management server is checked for this purpose. Once the resources are available and identified the configurations are uploaded onto the base stations and correct parameters are set up. At this point the network elements are ready to be interconnected with the network and start functioning. This technique is used in the Self-Configuration function of SON for the basic connectivity with the network. Furthermore, this function of EMS also maintains the backup and restore points for the network element. Downloading, installing the patches and newly updated software on the eNodeBs are handled by the EM system too. The inventory system database in the EM system contains all the required parameter settings used by the eNodeBs for the self-configuration and auto-connectivity once powered on. Every element in the modern telecom services are automated through SON and a technician is only needed when something couldnt be resolved automatically. At that point the engineer or operator just login through the EMS graphical user interface and handles all the faults and errors with ease. 1.3.2.2Managing User terminals and maintaining QOS In a wide scale network, there are thousand of base stations and thousands of user-equipment are connected to these base stations. Therefore, to manage this big network is not easy at the operators end. The capital expenditure to deploy base stations and then the operational expenditure to maintain each single base station requires huge amount of cost and with cost excessive human effort is required to maintain base stations. Therefore, EM system manages these user terminals by gathering the statistics of all the users cell through cell and saves these measurements into the database. So, the message status between the base station and UE are attained in the shape of statistical reports. The vital data collected in these statistics are given below, All the successful calls. All the failed calls. Dropped calls. Successful HOs. Failed HOs. The traffic capacity that is throughput. By gaining all these important statistics from the network the EM system analyzes and makes appropriate decisions when needed. Not only this but EMS uses these measurements to maintain the Quality of Service too. 1.3.2.3Network Support Network support mainly aims in the activities related to the maintenance of the network. And as discussed earlier operators goal is to decrease the cost as much as they can. As much the network is well managed and well driven the cost will decrease. So, quality of management systems is inversely proportion to the cost. With the cost, there is one more concern that operators are facing and that is the lack of professional technicians. And both concerns can be mitigated through the automatic solutions. Therefore, automatic network systems reduce human intervention and cuts the cost too. And for the support of network automatically EMS functionalities are evolved. Main functionality that EMS provides for the network support are given below. Debugging and resolving software issues such as bugs and errors. EMS provides a method to automatically resolve these errors remotely. All the security statistics are handled by EMS which the network requires to handle and secure vital information and data. All the network faults and issues at the element level are mitigated through the EMS. As Network management system deals with the combined data and information from several network elements. But the EMS takes charge and record of each Element individually. And lastly EMS allows operators to login to the specific node for the purpose of upgradation or changing parameters. The operator does not have to go physically to the base station and login through its internal interface. 1.3.2.4Monitoring of Networks The monitoring of networks is mainly done on the Network Management System but some of its function is executed on the EMS. EMS supports the NMS through some of its functionalities for the monitoring and control. First, we need to understand that monitoring of networks is executed on NMS and portions of these functions are performed on the EMS level. The EMS layer is below the NMS layer and therefore it provides major feeds to the layers above it. The monitoring systems main tasks which optimizes the network are given in the figure 1.3 below. Fig 1.3 The 3GPP defines standards of OAM with very classified specification. And it is very clear that the OAM specification gives ease in implementing the management system for the network. There are other network management specifications like TMF but the 3GPP specification about the OAM is very broad and revolves around some specific function or technology. The specifications, standards, specifications and how does 3GPP uses SON to optimize networks are explained in the last chapter of this paper that is 3GPP specifications and its interaction with SON. 1.4Network Management System (NMS) The network management system in the OAM architecture is capable of managing the complete network in a combined method that is, managing of radio transmissions, core networks and the base stations. NMS manages all these entities on one single platform. And due to the capability of managing everything on one single node the cost and human effort is decreased exponentially. There is a term used in the management system called FCPS which stands for Fault, Configuration, Performance and Security Management. And this function works on all the layers of the OAM model. On every layer, it has different function but the general explanation of FCPS is explained in the last portion of this topic. Basically, how NMS functions is explained in the example below, Lets consider there is a fault detected on the NE. Because whenever an event occurs network element generates a log which notifies EMS of the event occurrence. EMS would collect these statistics from the NE. Now NMS responsibility is to tackle the issue and take corrective measures. To accomplish these goals NMS correlates the statistics from different NE and different events, this technique helps the NMS to discover the issue or fault by comparing different statistics. A real-time example of NMS working could be of a disconnection scenario between a base station and the media gateway. Logs and stats screening the connection lost will be generated on the elements of both base stations and the MGW. As base station and MGW are two different network elements and EMS always record the stats of specific network element individually. So, it might collect the stats from the base station or the MGW, but the Network Management System at this point records data from both the elements and then correlate them. Therefore, in the scenarios defined above the stats and logs from base station and MGW can be analyzed together which makes the work on NMS level easy to find the actual problem in the network. And when the problem is diagnosed NMS takes the proper corrective measure to mitigate the issue which EMS can not do by just gathering the logs of one network element. This is a case specific function of how NMS tackles the issues. The other functions and activities NMS performs to optimize the network are given in the next section. 1.4.1Activities performed by NMS All the main activities that the NMS performs prior to any maintenance instructions or corrective measures are given below. Learn about all the elements available in the network. It works in two ways, manual discovery which is done by the operator and the second is automatic element discovery. In an auto discovery mode, this management system automatically discovers and identifies all the network elements and assign IPs to the particular element which requires it. The manual discovery is executed by the operator and manage the network elements that is assign IP addresses to the elements and discover all the elements in the network through the application menu. Gathering all the faulty data. The reason this activity is scheduled to be executed after the network elements discovery is to associate the faulty information with the specific element and components which are causing the error. In the NMS software, all the discovered elements form a tree type structure and hence associating the correct statistics with the corresponding element assists in debugging the fault. Collecting all the performance statistics and data. The faulty data discussed above is sent to the NMS only when they arise but on the other hand the performance logs and stats are stored in the files of network element itself. And these stats are downloaded on the NMS from the NE at the periodic intervals. User Authentications. All the internal user in the NMS needs to be authenticated for the security reasons. There are commands in NMS which can collapse the vital network components which can cause affect on whole network therefore, robust security needs to be implemented on the NMS. Collecting other configurations and data. The last activity executed by the NMS prior to start managing and maintenance of the networkall the other statistics and configurations in the element required in the NMS to execute any function is also collected from the NE. So, when all the elements are discovered and prerequisite activities have been executed successfully the NMS is the all set for the management and maintenance tasks of the network. These functions, maintenance, corrective measures, fault detection etc. are performed by analyzing the earlier collected data from the NE. Main functions of the NMS includes outlining the flow of information, provisioning of network, troubleshooting, configured elements maintenance, making appropriate decisions for the optimal utilization of resources etc. The problem which sometimes arises is the parameter or configuration changes in the network elements. These changes must be updated on the NMS so that it can find an appropriate solution when required. Therefore, network elements are rediscovered at periodic intervals so that the most current statistics and data could be known to the EMS. The next section would comprise of the NMS general architecture and the components which reside in the NMS. Description and explanation of these components are also given in the section below. 1.4.2NMS Architecture

Dippin Dots

Founded in 1988, for over 20 years Dippin’ Dots has commonly been referred to as â€Å"the ice cream of the future. † As a result of soaring operating costs and plummeting sales, Dippin’ Dots has endured substantial losses in their number of operating franchises. Dippin’ Dots flourished for many years as a unique segment of the ice cream market, targeting the out of home demographic, mainly focusing operations in busy areas like amusement parks, theatres and stadiums. Now facing increasingly dangerous competition, Dippin’ Dots must first identify their problems, and then execute the necessary resolutions if they want to regain their footing in the ice cream business. One problem facing Dippin’ Dots is that the unique product they offer severely limits the target markets that can be reached. Since retail locations can only offer the product at 10 to 20 ° below zero, special storage freezers are required, as well as specially manufactured cryogenic transport chambers in order to dispatch the product. These among other concerns have limited the distribution of Dippin’ Dots to only serve the away from home segment of the ice cream market. It is therefore advisable for Dippin’ Dots to construct an ice cream product which can be offered at temperatures that a supermarket could handle in efforts to reach the majority in house consumers of the ice cream market. Dippin’ Dots must also tackle the problem of pricing. At $5 for 5 ounces, Dippin’ Dots is unquestionably at the high end of the spectrum as far as ice cream goes; they have therefore aimed for areas where people are more willing to spend money, such as amusement parks like six flags and shopping malls. Another major deterrent to Dippin’ Dots is the threat of new entrants. According to the article it was due to the negligence in part of Dippin’ Dots founder Curt Jones , their patent was declared worthless, based on the fact that they had sold their ice cream product to over 800 customers before ever proposing the patent request. This allowed competitors the opportunity to create exact replicas of their once distinctive product. What’s even more eye gouging is these competitors were all disenfranchised former dealers of Dippin’ Dots, some of whom are now targeting much more of the global market, an area that should have been maximized by Dippin’ Dots several years ago. In light of their current and ongoing adversity, Dippin’ Dots should rapidly seek either a merger with an existing ice cream producer or create their own line of take home ice cream in order to decrease some of the losses that will inevitably be associated with this new competition. It is also recommended that Dippin’ Dots hire a new, experienced sales manager who can deal with supermarket chains, packaging companies, and distribution channels globally. After 20 years of operations, the time has come for Dippin’ Dots to expand their horizons. Everyone knows the name and children love the product so at least there’s no problem with brand awareness. Because of this legacy and reputation the introduction of Dippin’ Dots to the supermarket will be sure to turn heads and be a hit. If Dippin’ Dots can make the transition into this new market while somehow finding a way to keep their prices competitive, their chances of survival will improve considerably.

Modern Day Church’s View of Suicide as Opposed to Islamic Views Essay

Suicide, the foreknowledge that a person’s death will result from self caused actions, has reached epic proportions in recent decades. The World Health Organization states â€Å"more people are dying from suicide than from all the armed conflicts around the world. † (Donnelly, 106). This practice presents an ethical dilemma that is ultimately a matter of values and how they are reasoned. Religion provides a framework through which these views can be expressed. It is especially important to understand the Christian and Islamic perspectives on suicide by tracing their primary texts and traditions. The Biblical View of Suicide As the primary text of Christianity, the Bible has a code of moral instructions, spanning from the Ten Commandments in the Old Testament to the Sermon on the Mount and the great commandments in the New Testament. What gives moral values such as love and human dignity, and the commandment â€Å"thou shalt not kill† such compelling force is more than the forbidding of murder, even self-murder. These precepts reveal the obligation to demonstrate practical respect for the value of human life (Mahohel, 2). Although there are several suicides mentioned in the Bible: Saul(1 Samuel. 31:4); Ahitophel(2 Samuel 17:23);Zimri (1 Kings 16:18); and Judas (Matthew 27:5), the Bible doesn’t specifically condemn suicides. However, it does condemn murder in the 6th commandment and that is what suicide is: self-murder. A Christian who commits suicide will not lose salvation and end up in hell because John 3:16 demonstrates that a person is eternally secure. Romans 8:38-39 says that no circumstance can block God’s love to Christians. Therefore, if no created thing can separate a Christian from God’s love, then a Christian who commits suicide is a created thing and not even suicide can prevent God’s love. Jesus died for all sin. If an authentic Christian were to commit that sin, Jesus died for it. Nevertheless, it is self-murder and constitutes a serious sin against God (Stewart, p. 31). Suicide in the Christian Tradition The Christian tradition repects life. Although the early Church issued few official dictums against suicide, the prevalent viewheld that suicide was seen as murder and sometimes worse. In the 4th century, Augustine was the first to make that prohibition absolute, denouncing it as a â€Å"detestable and damnable wickedness,’† (Stewart, 34) echoing the other church fathers such as Tertullian, Justin Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria, and Lactantius who all rejected suicide. John of Chryostom issued a statement that posited if it were base to destroy others, it was much worse to destroy oneself(Amundsen, 98). Although Christian leaders praised martyrs who held onto their faith even unto death, they criticized those who rushed too eagerly to a martyr’s death. The goal of martyrdom was to remain faithful, not to intend one’s death (Ibid, 109-111). Aquinas and the medieval Church expressly prohibited acts of suicide. In his Encyclical Letter (March 25, 1995) Pope John Paul II states: â€Å"The Church’s tradition has always rejected suicide as a gravely evil choice. † The present day Church still adheres to that perspective because of two predominant frameworks. The first says that man and woman are created in the image of God, â€Å"Imago Deo,† (Genesis 3:26) and as such, share in the Divine likeness. Thus, humans participate in dominion over the rest of the physical creation, commissioned to exercise active stewardship and initiative as God’s vice-regent. Not only are humans God’s creation, they are His property, defined by such terms as potter-clay and shepherd-sheep. Since life belong to God, it is wrong to take it. Additionally, there is a Christian perspective which states that life is a gift from God. The ultimate moral foundations of Christian doctrine: creation, sin, salvation and fulfillment reinforce this view. The decision to die is God’s alone (Stewart, 33). The case versus suicide states requires that God’s gift of life is not an outright gift, but a restricted one, and humans are not to consume or destroy it at their discretion. In this perspective God will demand a full account for determining when to choose to end life. The suicide equivocally tells God that He will simply have to take the deeds performed in the body instead of regarding life as a trust, by not abandoning it, or denying that God is worthy. The choice of suicide seems to violate the duty to live life in a way which indicates gratitude towards what has been given ( Camenish, 216). Since God is transcendent, ultimately all things, even suffering will be made well. The Qu’rannic View of Suicide The Qu’ran expressly prohibits suicide, regarding all life as sacred. The sanctity of human life is accorded a special place. The Qu’ran states that the first and foremost basic life of a human being is the right t Take not life, which God has made sacred, except by way of justice and law; thus doth He command you, that you may learn wisdom (Qu’ran 6:151) Additionally, the Qu’ran states: If anyone slew a person, unless it be for murder, or for spreading mischief in the whole land, it would be as if he slew the whole people-and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of a whole people. (Qu’ran 5:32) Thus, the Qu’ran is totally clear where it stands on the taking of life. The Islamic Tradition and the View of Suicide In light of the Qu’rannic perspective of respect for human life, how then did the popularity of suicide bombers come to pass? Blowing oneself up and frequently killing innocent victims in such a terrorist manner absolutely refutes the Qu’ran. Yet a religious perspective can supersede the traditional perspective. This religious perspective is jihad, or the call to a holy war, first issued by the founder of Islam, the prophet Mohhammed. Mohhammed received a â€Å"naskh,† a new revelation which replaced the previous ones in the Qu’ran. Surah 9:5 cancels all previous revelations, admonishing his adherents to practice war and coercion to the present day. Basically Surah 9: 5 posits that Muslims must fight anyone who chooses not to convert to Islam. Because Islam is a religion of works, the jihad is a great duty and honor that aims to convert the infidel by force. Jihad is behind every suicidal terrorist who commits these acts in the name of Islam. If doesn’t matter if they win or if they die in the jihad, because they will be successful regardless: if they win, they receive victory; if they die, they are honored by God. Modern jihad came from Sayib Qutb, born in 1906, who visited the U. S. and saw that the Americans were not totally devoted to religion and that the American Muslims also had a lack of conviction. He started the radical Islamic movement that reverberates to this day. Bin Laden and Al Qaida learned their suicidal techniques form the movement of jihad in Iran, Eygpt and Sudan (Gabriel, 1). In Ha’aretz newspaper (December 9, 2001) Sheik Akramek Sabri said that sucide bombers are justified and should be encouraged, critizing other religious leaders who issued an Islamic ruling (fatwa) against suicide attacks. The sheik of the Mosque of Cairo ruled that Islamic law does not condone suicide attacks against innocent victims. A prominent mufti in Saudi Arabia issued a similar opinion. However, Omar Rahman, leader of al Jihad and the mastermind behind the World Trade Center bombing of 1993, noted that jihad and killing are the head of Islam and that if they are taken out, so is the head . By following the philosophy of submission, a Muslim is one who submits to Allah, the suicide attacker appears to be around for a long time(Ibid, December 9,2001). Overview Although both Christianity and Islam’s official positions prohibit suicide, the present day outcomes differ. While the Bible has the sixth commandment and other verses and the Qu’ran has 5:32 and 6:151 which respect life, Christianity remains consistent through the ages in viewing suicide as negative. For Christians, life is a gift and thus humans are God‘s property. Islam , however, has further revelations which supersede the previous ones found in the Qu’ran. These additional revelations include a call to jihad or holy war, thus making self-killing permissible and even honored. Conclusion It is necessary to study the frameworks of both Christianity and Islam to obtain more than a superficial view of their perspectives of suicide. Although Church tradition doesn’t change it’s position of self killing in Christianity, as shown by the early church fathers calling it an abomination and stating that killing oneself is even worse than killing others down to the later medieval church and Aquinas stating that it is unnatural ; thus forbidding the taking of one’s own life. Pope John Paul II’s encyclical letter states that suicide is a â€Å"wicked sin,â€Å" holding life sacred and as a trust. Current church traditions, while not as harsh and proclaiming true Christian suicides will go to heaven, nevertheless compare Christians with God as a figure of authority. He is the owner of the Christian, their creator and the potter who molds the clay, the shepherd who guides the sheep. Additionally, God has given all humans the gift of life, which is to be regarded as a sacred trust and not to be tampered with through the early taking of it. Only God, and God alone, can determine when life is over. If a Christian takes their life prematurely, they are robbing God, telling Him He must be satisfied with only the works they have performed to that stage. Since Christianity has at its heart the major doctrines of creation, sin, salvation and fulfillment, nothing can separate the Christian from God, either in this world or the world to come. God is both immanent and transcendent and He will make all things ultimately turn out for the best, thus reassuring the Christian to hang on and not commit suicide. On the other hand, official Islam proclaims one message while practicing another. The Qu’ran states that all life is sacred and that all humans have dignity. Several verses refer to this fact. However, even though Mohammed wrote these verses down, he also wrote additional verses that failed to be consistent with the original message. These verses , which he wrote after an added revelation, replace the earlier ones of respect for one’s own and other life. Through these additional revelations, Mohammed thus started the concept of jihad, or holy war. Using this concept he encouraged fellow Muslims, who are followers of Allah, and must submit to His teachings, to commit these holy wars, to convert or kill the infidel regardless of whether one’s own life was lost in the process. From the early 20th century, when Muslims visited the U. S. and saw what they perceived as less than perfect devotion, the jihad was operating at full force. Although present day sheiks and muftis in several countries have issued fatwa against suicide bombers and the taking of innocent life, suicidal terrorists continue, thinking that they are honoring Allah and their cause by killing themselves and others. References Amundsen, C. (1967). Medicine, Society and Faith in the Ancient World. Baltimore: John Hopkins. Cavadini,B. (1999). â€Å"By the Renewing of Your Minds,† Theological Studies, Vol. 60.Camemish, P. (1998). â€Å"Suicide,† Journal of Religious Ethics,17, no 1, Spring. Donnelly, J. (1998) Suicide: Right or Wrong. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. Gabriel, M. (2005)â€Å"Islamic Terrorists,† CNN Fact File, Virginia Beach, Va. Mahohel, J. (2003). â€Å"Christian Doctrines and Ethical Issues,† Theological Studies, vol. 64 Neusner, J. (2000) Jewish and Christian Doctrine. London: Routledge. Pope John Paul II. (1995),†Encyclical Letter,† Evangelium Vitae. March 25. â€Å"Terrorism,† (2001). Ha’aretz newspaper, December 9. Smith, G. (2005). â€Å"The Insurgent Word: Suicide. † Swans Commentary, September 12.

My Cultural Autobiography My Culture Essay - 1411 Words

My Cultural Autobiography Several years ago I enrolled at California Lutheran University in the Marriage Family Therapy Master Program. It was during this journey as a new and older student that I was introduced to the words Cultural Bias and Cultural Proficiency. At the time I was not sure how I was to respond to questions such as what is your culture, what are your biases and how are you going to integrate those biases into the therapeutic setting? I now found myself questioning how is it that for all these years, no one ever told me that I because I was white, female, from middle- class America that I was not only entitled but privileged. If one does not see color differences, does that make them open-minded and accepting or does that mean they have color blindness? I never questioned my culture, my heritage or my underlying entitlement. When asked what my ethnicity is I always respond that I am Italian/French Catholic. 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