The topic of nature in 17th Century poetry Essay Example

The subject of nature in seventeenth Century verse Paper The subject of nature is available in some of the sonnets of the seventeenth century scholars John Milton and Andrew Marvell. In fact, in Marvells The Garden and The Mower Against Gardens, nature is apparently the focal topic, and in Miltons Paradise Lost, the regular world is alluded to all through. Nonetheless, when one thinks about that it is basic to consider the verifiable setting strategically, strictly and the ideological leanings of the authors of the seventeenth century when taking a gander at works from that period, the subject of nature is available in these attempts to fill in as in excess of a tribute to nature itself; nature is utilized additionally to suggest different philosophical and political goals present at that point. When pondering the topic of nature in seventeenth century verse, Andrew Marvells The Garden is apparently the primary work to come into view, as the sonnet is basically a definite portrayal of a nursery, and the different regular ponders inside. In any case, a closer perusing of the sonnet uncovers the different political, old style and strict messages covered up inside Marvells Garden. Without a doubt, the subject of nurseries and planting was an argumentative one in seventeenth century England; changing Gods scene by cultivating was seen by Puritans to be counter strict. We will compose a custom exposition test on The subject of nature in seventeenth Century verse explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The subject of nature in seventeenth Century verse explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The subject of nature in seventeenth Century verse explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Notwithstanding, as cultivating created in the seventeenth century, so did the verse encompassing it, and in spite of the fact that Marvell himself here and there reprimanded the act of transforming gainful land into gardens, he composed The Garden, a hortus sonnet, as a tribute to gardens. In view of this, the sonnet has just given us a point to consider: what kind of nursery was Marvell adulating, and what does this nursery speak to? The primary refrain alone contains enough symbolism to clarify that this nursery is speaking to various political and strict thoughts. The vanity of man, the longing to accomplish the unachievable, is alluded to in the absolute first line: How vainly men themselves astound. Military, metro, and beautiful aspiration are spoken to by the palm, the oak, or coves, and there are clear associations here to the English unrest. There is simply the possibility that individuals put through much drudge to win little acknowledgment, when unquestionably more could be picked up with no work by any stretch of the imagination: And their relentless Labors see Crownd from some single Herb or Tree, Whose short and limited skirted conceal Does wisely their Toyles chide; While all Flowrs and all Trees do near weave the Garlands of rest. As Lawrence W. Hyman composed, it is Marvells attention to the pointlessness of human enthusiasm and desire that causes him to spurn society for the isolation, blamelessness and magnificence of nature1 . The subsequent verse fortifies this thought: Fair tranquil, have I found thee here,/And guiltlessness, thy sister dear? , and the prevalence of the nursery looked at over the general public Marvell lives in is clarified when he expresses that he has been not able to discover the blamelessness and quiet he looks for In occupied organizations of men. Here we have the idea of an arrival to Eden from a postlapsarian, vain world; the way that the plants are frightened adds to this. The faculties are evoked, just like the idea of satisfaction and the richness of nature, by the isolation of the nursery being portrayed as delightful. Marvell at that point thinks about the magnificence of the nursery to that of a lady, No white nor red was ever observed/so passionate as this stunning green, red and white being shades of womanliness. Proposals of sexism maybe originate from this third verse, where Marvell likewise expresses that no female can contrast with the nursery, and there is the insinuation that Marvell would for sure preferably grasp a tree over a lady, Fair trees! Whereeer your bark I wound. The way that Marvell never wedded (the lady professing to be his widow was evidently his housekeeper)2, alongside the symbolism present in this verse offer us an understanding into his perspective on ladies. The idea of a practically sentimental love of nature proceeds into the forward verse. Marvell suggests that affection is bound to blur When we have run our interests warmth, and brings up, with a traditional reference, that even the divine beings eventually esteem the excellence of nature over that of ladies. The tale of Apollo and Daphne, from Ovids Metamorphoses, in which the god Apollo sought after Daphne until she changed herself into a shrub tree, is utilized, and there is additionally a reference to Pan and Syrinx, a comparable old style story. Marvell proposes here that the divine beings were just at any point intrigued by the plants, not the women3. The fifth refrain contains maybe the most regular symbolism in the whole sonnet, and comes back to the idea of richness and nurturing nature, of another Eden. The nursery is taking care of Marvell in the line Ripe apples drop about my head, and the verdant portrayals of the nurseries other vegetation again bring out the faculties. There is likewise the thought of recklessness and facilitate; the nectarines and peaches are venturing themselves into Marvells hand, he just unearths melons, and the main thing to fall upon in grass. We are then acquainted with the idea of hortus mentis, or nursery of the brain, when Marvell composes, Meanwhile the psyche, from joy less,/Withdraws into its bliss; the psyche has left the nursery, and pulled back into itself, such is the serenity and straightforwardness offered by the nursery. Here Marvell is following the neo-Platonic way of thinking present at that point. Proceeding from this, Marvell composes that the nursery has liberated the spirit from the bounds of the body, Casting the bodys vest aside,/My spirit into the branches skims. Again this proposes an arrival to Eden, lost mortality, and the spirit is likewise given a practically other-worldly quality, Then whets and brushes its silver wings. The finish of the sonnet portrays a genuine come back to Eden, and again contains a trace of sexism. At the point when Marvell states, Such was that upbeat nursery state,/While man there strolled without a mate, he is portraying the past, the Garden of Eden, instead of the nursery he has so far been talking about. He is additionally recommending that man was in an ideal situation without a mate; without ladies. The last line of the sonnet again adulates the tranquility of the nursery, and states that that harmony could be discovered no place else on the planet wherein he lived. In the two Marvells The Garden and The Mower Against Gardens, the essential terms in resistance are the equivalent: the universes of nature and men. Be that as it may, while in The Garden, the nursery is a position of relaxation, comfort and peacefulness, The Mower Against Gardens presents the nursery as a position of unending work and battle. The connection between the two sonnets is more unpredictable than the negligible clash proposed by their titles: in spite of the fact that the conditions of the contention are consistent between them, the worth given to them moves; the status of work, relaxation, and nature is diverse in each. Apparently, another distinction is the tone of the two sonnets. While one appears to be ardent in its contention, the other is practically self taunting. The absolute first line of The Mower Against Gardens presents the contradicted terms of the sonnets contention, Luxurious man, to get his bad habit use,/Did after him the world allure. Here Marvell is expressing that it isn't keeps an eye on training of his indecencies that debases, it is fairly his assurance to contort the world to follow his bad habit, to modify nature to reflect himself. This gives both a knowledge into Marvells sees on planting, of which, as expressed prior, he was frequently basic, and a further understanding into what sort of nursery is being spoken to in The Garden; it's anything but a man made space with mown grass and pruned fences, it is a characteristic, uncultivated spot. Additionally, this contention is illustrative of a progressively basic good issue; the genuine threat of shamelessness lies not in its training by an individual, however in its transmission to other people. This transmission comes to fruition through cautious depravity of nature, this entry contends, and its belongings are as the degenerate man wants, The pink developed at that point as twofold in his brain; nature is mirroring the corrupted man. While in the principal development of the sonnet there is a feeling of wandering from nature, of purposely debasing the earth, in line 22 an alternate sort of debasement is presented. The utilization of taboo recommends not just an ethical slip by; it infers law, solid standards whose breaking merits discipline from a more significant position authority than man, anyway sovereign man has become, or thinks he has become. Surely, the utilization of sovereign here appears to be practically unexpected. This entry of the sonnet proposes that not just has nature been changed by man, its very substance has likewise been undermined, No plant currently knew the stock from which it came;/He unites upon the wild the agreeable. To exacerbate the situation, this offense, this loss of starting point, is paltry, and not expected to be of any advantage to man, however to rather cause contest. This suggests not even delight oversees keeps an eye on conduct, however curiosity. There is likewise the possibility that keeps an eye on contortion has become a strict offense with the passageway on his green seraglio. All in all, plainly in Andrew Marvells The Garden and The Mower Against Gardens, nature is utilized for unquestionably in excess of a portrayal of nature itself. The clashing perspectives of the two sonnets are introduced using nature, which is utilized to imply different strict, social and, political thoughts, and it is just when the two sonnets are perused with regards to the time in which they were composed that we can perceive these thoughts.

The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Speckled Band Essay Our assignment includes doing an exposition on the similitudes and contrasts of three investigator fiction stories: The Speckled Band, A Scandal In Bohemia and The Dancing Men all composed by the wonderful Arthur Conan Doyle. The class of these specific stories is totally founded on Crime/analyst. Each of the three stories have a similar sort of structure despite the fact that the substance are unique. Despite the fact that the substance are extraordinary, the manner in which they are composed is comparative since they are analyst stories we ought to anticipate similitudes between them. Regardless of the various characters the wrongdoing and activity in every one of the three is comparable. In every one of the three stories there is a similar focal character Sherlock Holmes-the criminologist and his extraordinary companion Dr John Watson-the main storyteller. Helen Stoner approaches Sherlock Holmes about the homicide of her sister the prior night she was couple to get hitched. Holmes researches the reason for death. A Scandal In Bohemia The ruler of Bohemia comes to see Holmes about a significant photograph, which he needs to get hold of before it ruins his life. The Dancing Men Hilton Cubitt approaches Holmes with an issue; him and his significant other are being sent puerile drawings of moving men. Holmes explores further. The work in every one of the three stories has numerous likenesses and contrasts. There are numerous likenesses I told in the work of these accounts, one of which was the dates e. g. in The Speckled Band - Early April in the year 83 Scandal In Bohemia-one night-twentieth March, 1888. Despite the fact that the dates are given in two of the accounts, I have understood that in The Dancing Men no particular dates are given. This underlining a distinction in the work. In every one of the three stories Dr John Watson is the main (individual) storyteller and Holmes is constantly presented by him. For instance in The Speckled Band-In looking over my notes over the seventy odd cases in which I have during the most recent eight years considered the strategies for my dear companion Sherlock Holmes. The Dancing Men-Holmes had been situated for certain hours peacefully with his long, meager back bended over a synthetic vessel in which he was preparing an especially smelly item. A Scandal In Bohemia To Sherlock Holmes she is consistently the lady.

Top tips for applying for your post-grad

Top tips for applying for your post-grad Top tips for applying for your post-grad Whether you’re looking to specialise, diversify or monetise your skill-set, a post-grad qualification could be the perfect investment in your future. In 2016-7, there was a 22 percent rise in post-grad admissions across the country. The competition for post-grad places is fierce, and it’s only set to rise. To convince the admissions tutor you’re worthy of selection, you’ll need to prepare a strong application. Follow these tips to ensure your application stands out from the crowd. Know your dates Many universities accept post-grad applications on a ‘rolling’ basis, but don’t leave it until the last minute to apply. A lot of admissions tutors will close the gates in early April for high-profile master’s programmes. A few universities close applications as early as January, with scholarship applications closing even earlier. Currently, 10 UK universities accept applications through the centralised ‘UCAS Postgraduate’ system. UCAS recommends applying at least 6 months before your post-grad course is due to start. Make a list of all the post-grad courses you’re interested in and find out their application deadlines. Preparing 4 or 5 high-quality applications is a time-consuming process, so plan your time wisely! Harness the power of networking Networking is a skill that will enhance your academic career. Universities host admissions events throughout the year so there are plenty of opportunities to get your voice heard. If you are an overseas student, look out for online, interactive events. To show up in person is to demonstrate integrity. It also helps admissions tutors put a name to a face. Later, when they appraise your formal application, they’ll have more to ‘go on’ if they’ve met you personally. Nevertheless, networking is a two-way process; it’s a chance for universities to demonstrate what they can offer you. Visit each of your chosen institutions and talk openly with the staff and alumni. This will help you narrow down your choices and ensure there are no regrets. Show motivation in your personal statement (but be authentic) Many applicants worry about what to write in their personal statement. A good place to start is to show motivation and passion for your subject. Although you should adopt a formal tone, avoid coming across ‘mechanical’ or cliché in your writing. Let’s say you want to study politics at post-grad. “I first became interested in politics after talking to my grandmother about her involvement in the 1968 workers’ strikes” is more compelling than a well-rehearsed quotation from Aristotle. Demonstrate you’ve done your homework In your personal statement, you need to specify why you’re applying for this particular course at this particular university. If you are applying for 5 different post-grad programmes, you’ll need 5 different personal statements! Find out how your chosen course differentiates itself from similar courses at other institutions (this is where ‘networking’ comes in handy). Perhaps your course offers a unique style of teaching, perhaps it offers professional certification or perhaps the lecturers’ research interests gel with your own. Whatever you like about your chosen course, be sure to mention this in your personal statement. Avoid stating that you’re drawn to the ‘prestige’ of the university as this doesn’t demonstrate many research or evaluation skills. Ace the entry tests Check if your chosen institutions require specific scores on the GMAT, GRE or IELTS. If so, there are some great free online resources to help prepare for these tests. It’s a good idea to attempt entry tests early, in case you need some time to re-sit them. Brush-up your CV Many universities require you to submit a CV. Don’t worry if you haven’t had much work experience; a CV rich in qualifications, voluntary work, summer placements, and extracurricular activities can be just as impressive. Mentioning your research interests (even if they’re still quite vague) will help your CV to stand out. Submit your undergrad transcript Don’t forget to provide a transcript with your application â€" admissions tutors are unlikely to consider your application without one. The transcript is separate from the degree certificate; it should list the names of all your modules and the grades you achieved. If you are still studying, ask your faculty to provide you with an ‘interim transcript.’ Get your references in order The quality of your references can make or break your application â€" especially if some of your grades are on the weaker side. To present yourself as a well-rounded applicant, choose two referees that know you in different capacities. For example, your dissertation supervisor and work placement manager would, between them, be able to comment on a range of skills and capabilities. Secure funding If you’re eligible for a government-backed ‘Postgraduate Master’s Loan’ you could borrow up to £10,609 (correct as of June 2018). You should submit your application via Student Finance. It’s worth having a look at alternative sources of funding, too. Funding from alternative sources usually has much tighter deadlines, so you’ll need to apply early. Submitting a post-grad application can be stressful, but difficult tasks often reap positive rewards. Selecting the post-grad course that is right for you is half of the battle. Then, if you give yourself enough time to prepare high-quality supporting documents, you won’t go far wrong. We know how much your dissertation matters We take your needs seriously and you can trust us for help, every step of the way. From a single chapter to an entire masters dissertation, our team of academic experts are here to support you. Find out more You may also like... Surviving Your PhD â€" Year One: Innovation Surviving Your PhD Year Two: Consolidation Surviving Your PhD â€" Year Three: Professionalisation educationmastersmasters dissertationspostgradpostgraduatestudent lifestudent tipsuniversity

Whay Did The Civil War Begin - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 722 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The best way to think about the Civil War in general terms is as the Second Act of Americas Democratic revolution. The first act was freeing itself from the control of the British empire in the 1770s and the second act was removing the massive contradiction between the rhetoric of American freedom and the reality that 20 percent of Americas population were forcibly enslaved. There were multiple causes to the civil war. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Whay Did The Civil War Begin?" essay for you Create order Cause #1 was different Economic Paths in North and South. By the beginning of the 1800s, the United States is technically one country, but its really two distinct economic systems. In the North, you have the growth and evolution of a powerful industrial and financial economies (similar to the Federalist partys economic and political path) like factories and manufacturing, small independent farmers who provide food and raw materials for manufacturing, banks, merchants, etc. This is an economy that is ADVANCING, investing in and constantly coming up with new technologies, figuring out how to offer up new products with ever greater efficiency Northern industrialists want the ability to hire and fire workers depending on the needs of their business (running factories efficiently requires adjusting the size of your workforce week to week, month to month, etc.). In the South, you have plantation agriculture BIG farms powered by the labor of enslaved African-Americans (by the 1800s the most important crop in the US is cotton) This is similar to the Anti-Federalist desires for the nation with the major contradiction being the size and scope of plantation farming. Southern planters cling to this system because they can work slaves harder, longer, and under worse conditions, and at much lower cost than legally free, white workers. Rather than ADVANCING like the North, this is an economy that is simply EXPANDING, investing in more and more slaves working more and more land in the form of traditional agriculture. By the 1820s these two competing economic models are resulting in divisions in Congress, with most Northern Industrialists, workers, and farmers opposed to the expansion of slavery and Southern plantation owners in support of slaverys expansion Cause #2 is Abolitionism, Slave Revolts, and the Southern Backlash. While the majority of Northerners oppose the expansion of slavery on the grounds of personal economic self-interest and a general belief in free labor by the 1830s a vocal minority starts to aggressively attack slavery on moral grounds. Another related development that caused Southerners to continue aggressive expansion rhetoric was a series of slave revolts (and revolt plans) in the first half of the 1800s. At the end of the 1700s, many Southern slave-owners, including Thomas Jefferson, believed that slavery would eventually die out on its own, and that this was a good thing. Admitted discomfort with the contradiction between a democracy and slaveholding (recognized it was inhumane). Cause #3 dealt with the Politics of Westward Expansion. Causes #1 and #2 played out against the backdrop of westward expansion of Americans into new territories and the creation of new states, which generated the question: WHICH ECONOMIC SYSTEM WILL DOMINATE THESE NEW TERRITORIES AND STATES? FREE LABOR OR SLAVERY? The first serious political crisis that erupts over this issue happens in 1820 over that status of Missouri, which is still a territory but in the process of becoming a state (territories governed more by federal government). The second major crisis over the westward expansion issue begins in the mid-1830s and concerns the annexation of Texas and war with Mexico. When Lincoln is elected Southern Democrats feel entirely under siege (immediate threat to slaveholding republic), and secessionist fervor escalates like South Carolina officially secedes in 1860, lower South (e.g. Mississippi) soon follows, and after the attack by Southern forces on Fort Sumter (SC) in 1861, the Upper South (e.g. Virginia) follows (much less committed to the fire-eating position, especially among lower-class whites). Issues the Emancipation Proclamation first on September 22, 1862 because it DOES NOT free all slaves only says that slaves in any states still out of the Union at the beginning of 1863 will be freed. South remains intransigent, and Thirteenth amendment passed in January 1865 by Republican Congress. War ends in April 1865, due mostly to African-American soldiers and growing disillusionment among non-slaveholding draftees in the south. Over 600K deaths! (More than Revolution, WWI, WWII, Korea, and Vietnam combined). 13th Amendment passed by Congress early 1865 and ratified shortly after Lincolns assassination.

Taking a Look at Human Trafficking - 842 Words

No nation is immune from human trafficking. Even the most powerful nations are not immune from modern day slavery.The main contributors to human trafficking are governmental corruption, economic and social crisis within each nations borders.Globalization is the development of an increasingly integration marked especially by free trade that transcends nation-state boundaries. Human trafficking represents a highly and interconnected world because as the world evolves and people become more connected, the transfer of people both voluntarily and coerced is becoming more prevalent. Human trafficking is a very lucrative business that extends beyond nation-state boundaries Human trafficking represents a highly and interconnected world because it is tightly connected to the worlds economy, and ironically is caused by the gap of the wealthy and poor even though it has been present for centuries the government is just beginning to address this common problem.. Globalization seems to have pl ayed a major role in the rise of sex slavery and the sex trade but has also played major roles in efforts to stop it. Human trafficking is the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual \slavery, and forced labor. Forms of human trafficking dates back to at least to the 1400’s. In the 1400s through the 1600s the first signs of human trafficking were seen. The African slave trade is an example of a form of human trafficking. During the slave trade Africans were captured and soldShow MoreRelatedEssay about Taking a Brief Look at Human Trafficking1733 Words   |  7 PagesTrafficking in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into human trafficking. It is said that 12.3 million people are trafficked worldwide. On average, only 1 person is convicted for every 800 trafficking cases worldwide (All material  © 2014). 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InRead MoreThe Truth About Human Trafficking1520 Words   |  7 PagesAbout Human Trafficking Human Trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain (Human Trafficking). The term human trafficking evolved from slavery in the early 1900’s and continued to become a global market over the past 100 years. There are several different types of human trafficking such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, people smuggling, and the harvesting of organs for commercial profit (Types of Human Trafficking.). VictimsRead MoreHuman Trafficking : The United States1740 Words   |  7 PagesHUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES: WHY SOME STATES HAVE MORE HUMAN TRAFFICKING CALLS THAN OTHERS INTRODUCTION Human trafficking is a growing endemic affecting an estimated 35.8 million men, women, and children around the world annually, as reported by the Global Slavery Index (GSI). The United States is not immune to this problem and has successfully identified 21,434 cases of human trafficking through the National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline since 2007. As with crimes of thisRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1328 Words   |  6 Pagestaken from their homes and put into human trafficking. Every individual is supposed to be given the opportunity to a long and happy life but, with human trafficking standing in the way, millions of people are subjected to illnesses, diseases, and unhappiness. Human trafficking has taken over the lives of many, especially in Bangladesh. A country that is subjected to filth, poverty, and sex trafficking. Bangladesh is one of the top countries for human trafficking. The people of Bangladesh are in need

Online English Grammar Lessons Free Essays

The mentioned skills must be reactive by every applicant in order for them to enhance their skills not only in Job seeking but also in their work field. Minor Statements These are specific problems of company’s current system: Hassle in typing the applicant’s data on the database due to lack of people (Maximum of 2 senior recruitment specialists per recruitment office) Lack of information about the nature of the Job Hassle in answering the application form manually before they will have their initial interview at the same day. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Online English Grammar Lessons or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 Objectives This study intends to develop an Online English Grammar Lessons for aspiring call center applicants. 1. 4. 1 . General Objective The main objective of the study is to design an interactive e-learning system, in order to provide accessible teaching method that can be easily integrate by the end user into the training program. The ultimate goal is to design comprehensive teaching tools specifically designed to the development of the end user’s communication skills particularly in grammar through the contents of Online English Grammar Lessons. Specific Objective The proposed system specifically aims to: 1 . Helps to use the English language effectively in grammar. 2. To enable assimilate the correct patterns of the language. 3. Knowledge of the underlying ‘rules’ of grammar 4. To develop insight into the structure of English language. 5. To enable the assimilate the correct patterns of the language. 6. To develop the mental abilities of reasoning and correct observation. 1. 4. 3. Scope and Delimitation SCOPE This study mainly focused on the development of one’s communication skills using inline teaching approach of English grammar lessons. The study will include online registration for those who are aspiring applicants of the said company. This study looked into a better impact of using technology today, it can help our beneficiaries to know the differences of using manual system to a computerized generation today. Communication skills development consists of wide range of topics. The researcher limited this research to the development of pronunciation and diction of the applicants. How to cite Online English Grammar Lessons, Papers

Flexible Pavement Design And Comparision - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Flexible Pavement Design And Comparision. Answer: Executive Summary Pavement designs are able to happen in many forms considering the pavement uses. Comparing the different is essential to ensure that the different design parameters are met according to pavement use. This project will be able to offer comparison factors of the flexible pavement design with other alternative pavements (Jackson, Puccinelli Mahoney, 2014). This will be done through the use of Indian Roads Congress 37-2012, which is able to specify the design procedures for the flexible roads based on the CBR values. The main finding should be able to indicate different CBR values. The use of the roads determines the requirement of the different design parameters where CBR is the main design parameter for the flexible pavements. Introduction Pavements are classified in different categories according to the materials used. Major two pavement classifications are Asphalt (flexible) pavement and concrete (rigid) pavement. The flexible pavements have different layers, which vary in width during the design period. Additionally, other pavement designs also has different layers but not as in the flexible pavements. There are clear differences, which are attained and experienced when the design of these pavements is happening. The major layers include subgrade, sub-base, base and binder and/or surface (Kazda Caves, 2015). Determining the different CBR values of the different layers is able to offer the main difference in the design of the pavements. The flexible pavements do deflect upon loading and therefore the name. Each layer of the pavements is able to carry certain load, which they pass to the other below. Moreover, the rigid pavement has little deflect upon loading due to the high modulus of elasticity (Liu, 2016). Weight distribution and CBR values are key design factors, which offer major differences on the pavements. This proposal will be able to define the procedure of analyzing different pavements options ion terms of their design and compare with the flexible pavements design. The IRC 37-2012 will offer the basis of the CBR for the subgrade and the effectiveness of this key experiment. Additionally, the design of the pavement will be based on th IIT PAVE. State-of-the-art/Literature Review The designs of pavements have been critical to different economies. Different design parameters have to be treated differently to enhance their main aim. The use of the pavements set up the design procedure for the pavements (National research council (U.S.), et al., 2016). The combinations of the traffic factors and materials properties have been critical in defining the differences of the pavement designs. Treatments of the pavement materials, together with the layer widths are critical parameters, which are attained in the designs. In India, there are different classifications of pavements, which are done by the categories of the pavements and the authorities who manage them (National research council (U.S.), 2014b). Some of the key classification includes national Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major District Roads (MDR), Other District Roads (ODR) and Village Roads (VR). The pavements have different widths of the layers. Some of these classifications are able to consist of the flexible pavements while others may exist as rigid or semi rigid pavements. Moreover, there are different combinations of designs of traffic and material properties in the design of the pavements in order to meet the specific requirements of the pavements. Each combination is able to lead to different design thickness of the layers (Kazmee Tutumluer, 2015). Some of the combinations, which are able to lead to differences in different types of pavements include; Both Granular Base and Granular sub-base Combination of Cementitious Base and Cementitious Sub-base of aggregate interlayer for crack relief. Cementitious base and sub-base which has SAMI at the interface of base and the bituminous layer. Foamed bitumen/bitumen emulsion treated RAP Cementitious base and granular sub-base with crack relief layer of aggregate layer above the cementitious base. During the design of the pavements, the design allows the transfer of the stresses with the top layer carrying the most stress and subgrade the least. The amount of the stress is able to depend on the design of the pavements, whether flexible or rigid (National research council (U.S.), 2015). The determinant factors are the wheel loads which dictate the thickness of the layer. In the design procedure for the flexible pavements, the process is aimed at providing the appropriate layer thickness and composition (Chinese-European pavement design, 2016). The main design factors, which are able to indicate the diff erences in pavement design, are the stresses due to the traffic load and temperature variations. The key layer, which is much focused on any pavement design, is the subgrade layer. The strength of the pavement is able to depend on this layer and the CBR is usually carried on the layer. The CBR factors are able to offer the key difference on the design of the pavement (National r esearch council (U.S.), et al., 2014). The layer is done with relation to the design life which the pavement is expected to last. Generally, the rigid pavements are meant to last for more than thirty years while the flexible pavements are designed to last for between ten and twenty years (National research council (U.S.), 2014a). This design life is able to offer the design factors and thickness of the layer considering the different traffic loadings on the sections. In addition, the materials states are key in the design of the pavements. Since the different pavements are able to have different materials, their state are able to determine the design procedure and therefore able to bring out a difference. Some of the key pavement designs, requires special treatment of the materials used in order to meet the specific needs of the pavement type (Hu, Zhou Scullion, 2014). In addition, the design parameters are able to dictate the arrangement of the different materials. For instance, granular base and subbase are used for some key flexible pavements (Hamdi, 2015). Using different materials on these layers are able to bring out another key design parameter. In addition, the change of materials on the subgrade layer is able to lead to change in the CBR values for the pavements. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals The main research question, which will be addressed on this proposal, is the key differences which are able to exist in the design of the pavements. More specifically, the research proposal will address what are the key differences in the CBR values for the different layers of flexible pavement design against other pavement designs? In addition, the proposal will look at the differences in design strength, which the different pavements are able to bear for them to last for the specified design life. Objectives The objectives of this proposal will be able to compare different design processes for the pavement design. This will helps to make conclusion on which design process is better to achieve the best results. In order to attain this objective, the researcher will perform several experiments on different pavement designs to identify the differences clearly. The experiments will help to identify the CBR values and the required thickness of the specific layers of both the pavements under consideration. Methodology Several methodologies will be applied on the research proposal in order to achieve the set objectives. Data and material collection will be done in advance. Then the process of design and laboratory test will proceed. Lastly, the project will involve on comparative analysis of the different results of the pavement designs. An analysis of the RAP bitumen emulsion mix will be carried out through compaction to achieve maximum density which will only be at optimum fluid content. Moreover, the compaction tests will be carried out at different fluid content in order to arrive at the optimum fluid content. The major basis for this process will be on Manual 14 The design and Use of Granular Emulsion Mixes which will be defining the mix design. In addition, the users will be able to adopt other methods of mix design given in Cold Mix Recycling and Asphalt cold Mix Manual (MS-14). The bitumen will be used in order to achieve the required minimum strength. Water will be critical in the process and 1.5 to 2.5 per cent water will be added to the RAP mixes. This will be to cater for the rapid evaporation of water from the RAP mixes considering the hot weather. This will be to aid the attaining of maximum compaction and strength gain. Additionally after laying of RAP mix, the top layer of the pavement will be able to stand the construction traffic due to loss of water on hot sunny days. Soil testing will be done to determine the different layers which can be designed. Experimental Setting Experimental set up will be done on the laboratory to achieve the results needed. One of the key experiment, which will be carried out on this project, will be the CBR test. The CBR experimental process will be key in the determination of the layer thickness. In addition, the CBR experiment setting will help to evaluate the strength of a subgrade soil, sub base and base course material. This process will be key in the design of thickness for highways and airfield pavement. Another key experimental set up which will be done will be the moisture content measurement in the laboratory. Optimum moisture content is defined as the water content at which the soil attains the highest density when compacted by a specific amount of energy. Therefore, it is very important to know the OMC, and in this project, the main aim will be to arrive at a standard level, which may serve as a guide and a basis of comparison for field compaction. Through the project, the standard proctor test of compaction w as carried out on the soil in the lab. IIT PAVE software will be used in the design process for the different pavements. The comparison will be then made based on the different results which will be achieved from the software. Project risks Coordination of the information with the different parties will be a key risk which the project will experience. Some parties may be unwilling for offer assistance in terms of the information needed. Results, Outcome and Relevance The data from the CBR and the moisture content will be key in the design of the pavements. The data will help to form the bases of the argument and determine the differences in the design of the different pavements. The thickness of the different layers will be investigates in accordance to the design process. This will help to conclude on the outcome that the design process is key in the different pavement types. Project Planning and Gantt Chart Activity/ month Oct. Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April Proposal writing Defending the proposal Data collection Collection of materials Preparation of materials for testing Performing the tests Writing final report and presentation Conclusions Flexible pavement design is able to differ with other forms of pavement design from different perspectives. The layers composition and their thickness are some of the key parameters which are different on these pavement designs. The CBR values are able to dictate the design parameters for the pavements and will be used on the project to determine the differences on this kind of designs. The Indian Roads Congress 37-2012, which is able to specify the design procedures for the flexible roads, based on the CBR values. During the design of the pavements, the design allows the transfer of the stresses with the top layer carrying the most stress and subgrade the least. The amount of the stress is able to depend on the design of the pavements, whether flexible or rigid. References CHINESE-EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON FUNCTIONAL PAVEMENT DESIGN, ERKENS, S., LIU, X., ANUPAM, K., TAN, Y. (2016). Functional pavement design. https://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315643274. HAMDI, A. (2015). Local calibration of AASHTOWare using Ontario pavement management system data PMS2. Thesis (Ph.D)--University of Waterloo, 2015. HU, S., ZHOU, F., SCULLION, T. (2014). Development of Texas mechanistic-empirical flexible pavement design system (TxME). JACKSON, N. C., PUCCINELLI, J., MAHONEY, J. P. (2014). Using existing pavement in place and achieving long life. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/shrp2/SHRP2_S2-R23-RR-1.pdf. KAZDA, A., CAVES, R. E. (2015). Airport design and operation. https://proxy.uqtr.ca/login.cgi?action=loginu=uqtrdb=ebscoezurl=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkAN=1046472. KAZMEE, H., TUTUMLUER, E. (2015). Evaluation of aggregate subgrade materials used as pavement subgrade/granular subbase. LIU, X. (2016). 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